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Clogging is a truly American dance form that began in the Appalachian
Mountains and now enjoys widespread popularity throughout the
(United States and around the world.
As the Appalachians were settled in the mid 1700's by the Irish,
Scottish, English and Dutch-Germans, the folk dances of each area
met and began to combine in an impromptu foot-tapping style, the
beginning of clog dancing as we know it today. Accompanied by rousing
fiddle and bluegrass music, clogging was a means of personal
expression in a land of newfound freedoms.
The word "Clog" comes from the Gaelic, and means "time". Clogging is
a dance that is done in time with the music -to the downbeat usually
with the heel keeping rhythm.
As clogging made its way to the flatlands, other influences shaped it.
From the Cherokee Indians, to African Blacks and Russian Gypsies,
clogging has enveloped many different traditions to become truly a
"melting pot" of step dances.
For the most part, clogging evolved as an individual form of expression,
with a person using his feet as an instrument to make rhythmic and
percussive sounds to accompany the music. At the turn of the century,
many cloggers began to add this developing step dance to the square
dances that had been enjoyed in their communities for decades. One
of clog dancing's most renowned founders, Bascom Lamar Lunsford of
Asheville, North Carolina, helped to popularise the art of team clogging
by adding it as a category of competition in the annual Mountain
Dance and Folk Festival held in Asheville during the late 1920's. A
group called the Soco Gap Cloggers won the competition with a routine
featuring precision mountain figures accompanied by freestyle step
dancing. The Soco Gap Dancers became well known for their energetic
style. In a performance for the Queen of England, it is reported that
her majesty remarked at the footwork as very much like "Clogging" in
her country. The term stuck, and the media used the term in
documenting the performance. The step dance emerging from the
Southern Mountains became known as "clog dancing".
In the mid 1930's, another innovator emerged to help propel mountain
style dancing to national prominence. Dr. Lloyd "Pappy" Shaw, a
teacher and Superintendent at the Cheyenne Mountain School in
Colorado, and an avid collector of dances, steps and square dance calls
formed an exhibition team from the dozens of high school students he
taught and began to tour the United States, sharing his knowledge of
dance with all who were interested. His 1939 book, "Cowboy Dances",
is considered by many to be one of the finest historical collections of
early American dances ever printed. After World War II, Dr. Shaw
began to offer classes at his Cheyenne Mountain School in the
instruction of old time dancing.
As Americans became more mobile, and interstate highways offered
the opportunity for dancers to travel from area to area, the popularity
of square dancing as a national activity increased. During this period,
the need for standardization in square dance calls became increasingly
evident, and a number of callers began to work on standardized names
for the movements and figures that had developed independently of
each other in hollows and communities throughout the country. As
square dancing began to evolve as a structured activity, the emphasis
focused on the execution of the figures, and the step dancing footwork
that had accompanied earlier dances was replaced by a gliding step.
Clogging once again was relegated to solo expression, with only certain
areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks continuing to dance the old-time
calls with clogging footwork. During this period, Bill Nichols, of South
Carolina, taught clogging and old-time squares at the Fontana Resort
in the Western Carolina mountains and built a legacy of instruction
that has branched out to include teachers from all parts of the United
States. He is considered by many to be the “Grandfather” of modern
clogging.
During the late 1970's, a new means of clogging expression began to
gain popularity -- the line dance. Propelled by the catchy beat of
country and pop tunes, teachers such as Tandy Barrett and JoAnn
Gibbs of Georgia, Gloria Driver of Texas, Lucy Johnson of California
and others wrote sequences of steps to accompany phrases of a
popular tune. These strings of steps were performed to a particular
song, with step cues prompting the dancers through each section.
Also during this time, the Green Grass Cloggers were formed in North
Carolina. The group combined old time steps with high kicks to create
a uniquely stylised clogging form that endures today.
Sheila Popwell, of Georgia, is credited as one of the creators of the
first standardized cueing and terminology methods. These generally
accepted forms of notation made it possible for cue sheets to be
produced for dance routines, giving dancers the opportunity to learn
new material without having to travel to workshops or conferences.
Clogging today is less impromptu and more complicated than the
simple rhythmic dance begun by our ancestors. New influences are
creeping into the dance because of popular culture. Tap dancing,
Canadian Step Dancing, Irish Hard Shoe and even street dancing and
hip-hop influences are being seen to bear on the style of steps and
dances performed by cloggers today. Performing teams wearing brightly
colored costumes, calico or sequins have sprung up everywhere,
providing entertainment with impressive precision footwork. Clogging
Competitions across the country bring together teams from East and
West to vie for trophies, honours and cash prizes. In 2003, clog
dancing was included as a competitive dance sport in the AAU Junior
Olympics.
As with any form of expression, I hope that clogging will continue to
put us in touch with ourselves and our heritage, and render upcoming
generations with the same joy it has provided us. The Double Toe
Times magazine is dedicated to preserving the heritage of this art form
and also share its innovations as it continues to grow.
Mountains and now enjoys widespread popularity throughout the
(United States and around the world.
As the Appalachians were settled in the mid 1700's by the Irish,
Scottish, English and Dutch-Germans, the folk dances of each area
met and began to combine in an impromptu foot-tapping style, the
beginning of clog dancing as we know it today. Accompanied by rousing
fiddle and bluegrass music, clogging was a means of personal
expression in a land of newfound freedoms.
The word "Clog" comes from the Gaelic, and means "time". Clogging is
a dance that is done in time with the music -to the downbeat usually
with the heel keeping rhythm.
As clogging made its way to the flatlands, other influences shaped it.
From the Cherokee Indians, to African Blacks and Russian Gypsies,
clogging has enveloped many different traditions to become truly a
"melting pot" of step dances.
For the most part, clogging evolved as an individual form of expression,
with a person using his feet as an instrument to make rhythmic and
percussive sounds to accompany the music. At the turn of the century,
many cloggers began to add this developing step dance to the square
dances that had been enjoyed in their communities for decades. One
of clog dancing's most renowned founders, Bascom Lamar Lunsford of
Asheville, North Carolina, helped to popularise the art of team clogging
by adding it as a category of competition in the annual Mountain
Dance and Folk Festival held in Asheville during the late 1920's. A
group called the Soco Gap Cloggers won the competition with a routine
featuring precision mountain figures accompanied by freestyle step
dancing. The Soco Gap Dancers became well known for their energetic
style. In a performance for the Queen of England, it is reported that
her majesty remarked at the footwork as very much like "Clogging" in
her country. The term stuck, and the media used the term in
documenting the performance. The step dance emerging from the
Southern Mountains became known as "clog dancing".
In the mid 1930's, another innovator emerged to help propel mountain
style dancing to national prominence. Dr. Lloyd "Pappy" Shaw, a
teacher and Superintendent at the Cheyenne Mountain School in
Colorado, and an avid collector of dances, steps and square dance calls
formed an exhibition team from the dozens of high school students he
taught and began to tour the United States, sharing his knowledge of
dance with all who were interested. His 1939 book, "Cowboy Dances",
is considered by many to be one of the finest historical collections of
early American dances ever printed. After World War II, Dr. Shaw
began to offer classes at his Cheyenne Mountain School in the
instruction of old time dancing.
As Americans became more mobile, and interstate highways offered
the opportunity for dancers to travel from area to area, the popularity
of square dancing as a national activity increased. During this period,
the need for standardization in square dance calls became increasingly
evident, and a number of callers began to work on standardized names
for the movements and figures that had developed independently of
each other in hollows and communities throughout the country. As
square dancing began to evolve as a structured activity, the emphasis
focused on the execution of the figures, and the step dancing footwork
that had accompanied earlier dances was replaced by a gliding step.
Clogging once again was relegated to solo expression, with only certain
areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks continuing to dance the old-time
calls with clogging footwork. During this period, Bill Nichols, of South
Carolina, taught clogging and old-time squares at the Fontana Resort
in the Western Carolina mountains and built a legacy of instruction
that has branched out to include teachers from all parts of the United
States. He is considered by many to be the “Grandfather” of modern
clogging.
During the late 1970's, a new means of clogging expression began to
gain popularity -- the line dance. Propelled by the catchy beat of
country and pop tunes, teachers such as Tandy Barrett and JoAnn
Gibbs of Georgia, Gloria Driver of Texas, Lucy Johnson of California
and others wrote sequences of steps to accompany phrases of a
popular tune. These strings of steps were performed to a particular
song, with step cues prompting the dancers through each section.
Also during this time, the Green Grass Cloggers were formed in North
Carolina. The group combined old time steps with high kicks to create
a uniquely stylised clogging form that endures today.
Sheila Popwell, of Georgia, is credited as one of the creators of the
first standardized cueing and terminology methods. These generally
accepted forms of notation made it possible for cue sheets to be
produced for dance routines, giving dancers the opportunity to learn
new material without having to travel to workshops or conferences.
Clogging today is less impromptu and more complicated than the
simple rhythmic dance begun by our ancestors. New influences are
creeping into the dance because of popular culture. Tap dancing,
Canadian Step Dancing, Irish Hard Shoe and even street dancing and
hip-hop influences are being seen to bear on the style of steps and
dances performed by cloggers today. Performing teams wearing brightly
colored costumes, calico or sequins have sprung up everywhere,
providing entertainment with impressive precision footwork. Clogging
Competitions across the country bring together teams from East and
West to vie for trophies, honours and cash prizes. In 2003, clog
dancing was included as a competitive dance sport in the AAU Junior
Olympics.
As with any form of expression, I hope that clogging will continue to
put us in touch with ourselves and our heritage, and render upcoming
generations with the same joy it has provided us. The Double Toe
Times magazine is dedicated to preserving the heritage of this art form
and also share its innovations as it continues to grow.
| A Brief History of Clog Dancing By Jeff Driggs, Editor of the Double Toe Times Clogging Magazine |
History of
Clogging
Clogging
